Usually less sensitive since only a single antibody molecule binds to each target Higher background and cross-reactivity possible due to detection of multiple epitopes, any of which may be shared by related proteins ![]() May cross-react with other proteins that share this epitope, such as isomers or common motifs Since multiple epitopes are targeted, there is a higher likelihood of detection of the target Identifies the entire target protein via binding at multiple sites. Identifies whether a particular region of a protein is present Varying specificities to multiple epitopes. Monoclonal v Polyclonal Antibodies Comparison In contrast, monoclonal antibodies bind to a single epitope within a target antigen. Polyclonals are usually produced in rabbits, donkeys, sheep, and goats, and are purified from serum. Polyclonal antibodies consist of a mixed pool of immunoglobulin molecules that bind to several different epitopes found on a single antigen. In addition, they are developed against the host species of the primary antibody, such that a primary antibody raised in goat will require an anti-goat secondary antibody raised in a species other than goat. Secondary antibodies are developed against the Fc portion of a purified primary antibody, and are often conjugated for antigen detection purposes. For antigen detection, primary antibodies can be conjugated to reporter enzymes or fluorophores, which facilitates quantification or analysis of antigen expression.Ĭonjugated primary antibodies often eliminate the need for secondary antibodies however certain experimental conditions may require their use. Primary antibodies are predominantly used in immunoassays such as ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), or flow cytometry. They can be either monoclonal antibodies, which bind to a specific epitope, or polyclonal antibodies that bind to several epitopes of an antigen. Mutations in FGFR4/CD334 lead to constitutive kinase activation or impair normal FGFR4 inactivation lead to aberrant signaling.Primary antibodies directly bind specific antigens with high specificity and affinity. FGFR4/CD334 signaling is down-regulated by receptor internalization and degradation MMP14 promotes internalization and degradation of FGFR4/CD334. FGFR4/CD334 preferentially binds acidic fibroblast growth factor and, although its specific function is unknown, it is overexpressed in gynecological tumor samples, suggesting a role in breast and ovarian tumorigenesis. The extracellular portion of FGFR4/CD334 interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. ![]() A full-length representative protein would consist of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution.
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